Abdul Wahid Anwer acquired the data. Sundus Iftikhar and Naila Baig-Ansari analyzed and interpreted the data. Lubna Samad drafted the paper and all authors revised it critically for significant intellectual content. The first two authors made equal contributions to this work and are equally considered to be first authors. All authors have read and approved the final paper. The authors thank and acknowledge Zara Ansari, Amna Safdar, and Shazia Moosa for their help in the study and manuscript preparation.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors. Read the winning articles.
Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Pere Domingo. Received 10 Aug Revised 30 Nov Accepted 15 Dec Published 17 Jan Abstract Introduction. Introduction Circumcision is an ancient rite [ 1 , 2 ] with evidence to suggest that it was practiced in diverse communities including the ancient Egyptians, Australian aborigines, and African bushmen.
Materials and Methods 2. Data Analysis Actual delay in circumcision was calculated using age at interview for uncircumcised children and age at circumcision of those who were circumcised. Results Five hundred parents with at least one male child less than 18 years of age were interviewed regarding circumcision status of their male children.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants,. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. References S. Rizvi, S. Naqvi, M. Hussain, and A. View at: Google Scholar J. Ledikwe, R. Nyanga, J. Hagon, J. Grignon, M. Mpofu, and B. Jarrett, M. Kliner, and J. Mavhu, K. Hatzold, S. Laver et al. Weiss, J. Polonsky, R. Bailey, C. Hankins, D. Halperin, and G. Beyazova, and A. Jayanthi, J. Burns, and S.
Moosa, F. Khan, and M. View at: Google Scholar R. Bailey, R. Muga, R. Poulussen, and H. Iqbal, M. Ali, S. Masood, M. Anwar, M. Jahangir, and S. View at: Google Scholar K. Mahmood, Z. Nagra, S. Ahmad, M. Malik, and S. View at: Google Scholar C. Demirdover, B. Sahin, H. Vayvada, and H. Palit, D. Menebhi, I. Taylor, M. Young, Y. Elmasry, and T. Blank, M. Brady, E. Buerk et al. Weiss, N. Larke, D. Halperin, and I. Muslims believe the removal of the foreksin makes it easier to keep the penis clean because urine can't get trapped there.
Supporters of circumcision also argue that excrements may collect under the foreskin which may lead to fatal diseases such as cancer. For the majority of Muslims, circumcision is seen as an introduction to the Islamic faith and a sign of belonging. In Islam there is no fixed age for circumcision. The age at which it is performed varies depending on family, region and country. The preferred age is often seven although some Muslims are circumcised as early as the seventh day after birth and as late as puberty.
There is no equivalent of a Jewish 'mohel' in Islam. Circumcisions are usually carried out in a clinic or hospital. The circumciser is not required to be a Muslim but he must be medically trained. In some Islamic countries circumcision is performed after Muslim boys have recited the whole of the Qur'an from start to finish.
In Malaysia, for example, the operation is a puberty rite that separates the boy from childhood and introduces him to adulthood. Circumcision is not compulsory in Islam but it is an important ritual aimed at improving cleanliness. It is strongly encouraged but not enforced.
The ritual dates back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad. According to tradition Muhammad was born without a foreskin aposthetic. It soon became an issue bigger than their love ….
I was in my kitchen getting my children ready for the school run when my phone pinged. The children in the case were to decide for themselves when they were old enough to do so. I felt stunned. Like the father, my ex-partner is Muslim and wished to have our sons circumcised according to his cultural and religious beliefs. The boys in the High Court case were a similar age to our sons, too — mine are now seven and five. I took the children to school.
On returning home, I sat down to re-read the all-too-brief news report. I cried tears of sadness, relief and remaining fears. While our family has managed to avoid taking our conflict over circumcision to court, the issue has been a major factor in the break-up of our marriage.
It also remains alive for us as we negotiate the upbringing of our children. When you know it is not medically necessary, that it is painful and that there is no other reason to, why would you?
I was living in Istanbul when my husband and I learned I was pregnant with a boy. I had already become aware of male circumcision being routine in Turkey, grounded both in religious tradition and the widespread belief that it is more hygienic and protects against sexually transmitted diseases. On holiday back in the UK and in conversation with my husband, he was adamant our son should be circumcised. I disagreed, arguing it would hurt our child. I asked whether washing was not better than cutting off part of the body to be clean and whether it could be dangerous to believe oneself safer from STDs.
As the argument became more polarised, I played for time. I knew my husband to be open-minded, and while his religious belief was strong, he did not follow all the basic Islamic prescripts. I believed he would rethink, and I wanted to trust that both of our opinions and the rights of our child would be important in the decision.
We finally agreed on a compromise that our son would, at an age when he could be aware of all the issues, decide for himself. It was also about him losing the role to choose this for his son, and in consequence facing the reactions of his immediate and extended family, his home community, work colleagues and many of his friends.
We shared with each other our mutual thought that no one would be likely to freely decide to be circumcised. But he insisted he was glad about our decision. But I believed that in this compromise our child had at least been given his right to choose. Our lives continued. During his breaks from work, we would meet and walk around the centre of Istanbul. The old city is beautiful, containing the vast structures of the sixth-century Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque and Topkapi Palace.
It has the open space and green parks lacking in many other areas of the sprawling yet condensed and concreted megacity. One day we were walking by the seafront of the Bosphorus, with the edge of Asia and the Princes Islands in sight over the bright blue water. He claimed my stand against it was because I was dissatisfied with him.
I wanted to keep the decision about our son separate, not argue in front of our child, and not complicate the issue. Take your baby. My head was spinning. I thought about leaving for the UK.
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